Life and Works
Glass was innate inside Baltimore, Maryland and studied the flute as a child at a Peabody Conservatory of Music. He so went in to the Juilliard School of Music where he switched to mostly play the keyboard; his composition teachers involved Vincent Persichetti and William Bergsma. a next step was Paris, in which he exposed sustaining the eminent composition teacher Nadia Boulanger, analysing scores of Johann Sebastian Bach, Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart and Ludwig van Beethoven. When a operate by having Ravi Shankar in France on the film score, Glass traveled, primarily for religious reasons, to northwards India in 1966, where he come within call for by owning Tibetan refugees. He became the Buddhist, and met Tenzin Gyatso, the 14th Dalai Lama, in 1972. He occurs as hard supporter of the Tibetan stimulator.

His distinctive style arose from either his function by owning Ravi Shankar & his perception of rhythm around Indian music when existence totally additive. After he returned front yard he renounced entirely his earliest Milhaud-like and Copland-like compositions & began writing austere pieces according to additive rhythms and the feel of period influenced by Samuel Beckett, whose work he found writing for experimental theater.

Searching for little sympathy from either traditional performing artist & performance spaces, Glass formed an ensemble by owning Steve Reich, Jon Gibson & others, & began performing around a main in gallery, these galleries existence the exclusively really connection between musical reductivism and minimalist ocular art. When certain differences of opinion by using Reich he formed his have Philip Glass Ensemble. Apart from either performing by owning his ensemble he worked as an helper for the sculptor Richard Serra, and mass produced friends by having Just released York depending creative person such as Sol Lewitt, Nancy Graves, Chuck Close and Laurie Anderson. His works grew progressively less austere & extra complex, & withinside his consideration, non minimalist in the least, culminating in Music inside Twelve Area (1971-1974).

He so collaborated on the 1st opera of his portrait opera trilogy Einstein on the Beach with Robert Wilson (composed within 1975 & number one performed in 1976). A trilogy was continued sustaining Satyagraha (1980), themed on the early life of Mahatma Gandhi and his experiences within South Africa, & was completed by the mighty vocal and orchestral composition around Akhnaten (1983-1984), which is sung in Akkadian, Biblical Hebrew, Ancient Egyptian and the language of the audience.

Glass's operate for theater includes many compositions for the class action Mabou Mines, which he co-founded in 1970. He has likewise written numerous film scores, including Mishima (Paul Schrader, 1985), Kundun (Martin Scorsese, 1997), The Hours (2002), Taking Lives (2004), and The Fog of War (2003).

Since a Nineties, Glass has progressively written for supplementary accessible ensembles like a string quartet and symphony orchestra. His recent chamber & orchestral works come written within the additional traditional vein, & allude to older (baroqueness, definitive, romantic & neoclassicist) styles forgoing abandoning his music genre or even lapsing into mere pastiche. A chamber piece Music from either A Screens (1989) is remindful to chamber music ranging from either Bach's Solosuites to Claude Debussy's sonatas. Glass' Symphony There is no.Troikthe (1995) treats a 19-piece string orchestra as an extended chamber ensemble, & evokes early classicalism (Gluck, Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach's string symphonies and Haydn's early symphonies), when well as neoclassicism (Stravinsky, Bartok), to cite two examples. Philip Glass too continued to compose operas, including a trilogy according to the operate of Jean Cocteau, a clear musical court to the music of Debussy, Erik Satie and Les Six, but as well to Gluck's opera Orphée et Euridyce (1762).

Apart from either working in the definitive tradition his music too has heavy modems to Rock, Electronic & globe music. Glass orchestrated occasionally of David Bowie's and Brian Eno's music from a albums Sale & Heroes around his Low Symphony (1992) and "Heroes" Symphony (1996). He worked as well by having Aphex Twin (an orchestration of Aphex Twin's piece Icct Hedral, in 1995), & sustaining ballad maker like Paul Simon, Suzanne Vega, and Natalie Merchant. Mike Oldfield covered parts from either Glass's Pole star, patch elastic including Tangerine Dream or Coldplay (Clocks, A Rush of Blood to the Head, 2002), & film composers like John Williams, James Horner, Howard Shore, Carter Burwell and Jon Brion are all influenced by Glass's musical genre.

The recent development inside Philip Glass's work occurs as tendency to juxtapose his recent, other lyrical & traditional style by owning other austere & insistent sections or even even movements (the certain rather retrospect to his music of the 70s or early 80s), e.g. within Kundun (1997), Symphony There are no.Sise 'Plutonian Ode (2001), Naqqoyqatsi (2002), in the Chamber Opera the Healthy of a Voice (2003) or even within his Etudes for Piano, Vol.1 (Etudes There are no.9 & 10) (1994-1995).

His virtually all recent piece is his number 1 operthe within a grand shell in eight years, Waiting for the Barbarians, after J.M. Coetzee's novel, and with a libretto by Christopher Hampton. It was premiered around September 2005. The Symphony There is no.Octonary is premiered single deuce months late, within November 2005. Fallowing a series of symphonies for voices & orchestra, this piece is strictly orchestral, & prefer former works (a Concerto Grosso & the already mentioned Symphony There are no.Tercet) it might feature solo writing (non unlike in the late 18th century Sinfonia concertante or in Béla Bartók's Concerto for Orchestra).

More first works include a choral function A Passion of Ramakrishna (2006) & another Volume of Etudes for piano.

Works

Works for the Philip Glass Ensemble

600 Lines (1967) Music around Fifths (1969) Music within Similar Motion (1969) Music with Changing Parts (1973) Music in Twelve Parts (1971-1974) Polestar (1977) Glassworks (1982) Orion (2004)

Operas, music theatre
There are deuce trilogies, 1 which cases Einstein, Ghandi & Akhnaten - Einstein on the Beach (1976) for the Philip Glass Ensemble, and Satyagraha (1980) and Akhnaten (1983) for voices, chorus and orchestra. Another has Jean Cocteau's work when its theme: Orphée (1993), for voices and chamber orchestra, La Belle et la Bête (1994) and Les Enfants Terribles, a Dance Opera for soloists & tercet pianos (1996) fallowing Cocteau's novel & a film by Jean-Pierre Melville. More works for the music theatre include: The Madrigal Opera for voices, fiddle & viola (1980) a CIVIL warS (opera, 1984) Songs from Liquid Days (songs with Paul Simon, Suzanne Vega, David Byrne and Laurie Anderson, 1986) The Fall of the House of Usher (chamber opera, libretto after a short story by Edgar Allan Poe, 1987) The making of the representative for Planet 8 (opera, 1985-88, libretto by Doris Lessing) 1000 Airplanes on the Roof (work for stage, text by David Henry Hwang, 1988) Hydrogen Jukebox (libretto by Allen Ginsberg, 1990) White Raven (opera) (1991) The Voyage (opera, 1992) The marriages between zones three, four, and five (opera, 1997, libretto by Doris Lessing) Monsters of Grace (chamber opera for the Philip Glass Ensemble, 1998, with 3D digital footage directed by Robert Wilson, libretto from works of Jalaluddin Rumi) In the Penal Colony (chamber opera, 2000, libretto fallowing a short story by Franz Kafka) the Healthy of a Voice (chamber opera, 2003, libretto by David Henry Hwang) Waiting for the Barbarians (2005, after a novel by J.M. Coetzee)

Chamber Music
3 String quartette (from either a early Sixties, withdrawn) Play for 2 sax (1965, music for Samuel Beckett's play) String Quartet There is no.One (1966) Music in the shape of the Square for ii flutes (1967) Head In for fiddle, violoncello & piano (1967) An additional View Harmony, Section Terzetto for clarinet & piano (1975) 4th Series A share 3 for fiddle & clarinet (1978) String Quartet There are no.Two Company (1983, composed for the dramatization of Samuel Beckett's novella) Prelude to Endgame for timpani & double-bass (1984, for the play by Samuel Beckett) String Quartet There are no.Leash Mishima (1985) String Quartet There are no.Little joe Buczak (1989) Music from either A Screens for chamber ensemble (1989, the collaboration by owning Foday Musa Suso) A Plantation from either A Screens for fiddle & piano (1989) Cymbeline for ensemble (1991, music for the play by William Shakespeare) String Quartet There is no.Five (1991) Love Divided By for flute & piano (1992) In the Summer Home for fiddle & violoncello (1993, music for the play by Jane Bowles) Concerto for Saxophone Quartet (1995, likewise orchestral version) Dracula for even string quartette (or piano & string quartette) (1998, music for the 1931 film) Music from either the Healthy of a Voice for flute, pipa, fiddle, violoncello & percussion (2003)

Works for Solo Instruments
Strung Retired for fiddle (1967) Gradus for sax (1968) Arabesque for flute (1988) France from either A Screens for fiddle (1989) Melodies for solo sax (1995)

Works for solo piano

How else Currently for piano (1968) Two Pages (for Steve Reich) for piano (or electric organ) (1969) Modern Love Waltz for piano (1977) 4th Series A portion 4 (Mad Rush) for piano (1979) Trilogy Sonata for soft (1975/1979/1983, from either Einstein, Sathyagraha & Akhnaten, intended by Paul Barnes inside 2001) Cadenzas for Mozart's Piano Concerto No.21 (K. 467, 1786) (1987) Metamorphosis for piano (1988) Wichita Sutra Vortex for piano (1988) A French Lieutenant Sleeps from either A Screens for piano (1989) Nighttime on the Balcony from either A Screens for even piano (or cembalo) (1989) Tesra for piano (1993) A Orphée Suite for piano (1993, transcribed by Paul Barnes around 2000) Overture from either La Belle et la Bete for piano (1994, transcribed by Michael Riesman) Etudes for piano, Volume 1 (1994-1995) Music from either a Hours for piano (2003, transcribed by Michael Riesman & Nico Muhly) The Musical theater Portrait of Chuck Close, two pieces for piano (2005)

Works for two pianos

Six Scenes from either Les Enfants Terribles for 2 pianos (1996, transcribed by Maki Namekawa & Dennis Russell Davies)

Works for orchestra (with chorus and voices)

Company for string orchestrthe (1983, composed for a dramatization of Samuel Beckett's novella) Phaedra for string orchestra & percussion (1985) In the Upper Room for chamber orchestra (1986, music for Twyla Tharp's dance piece) A Weak for orchestra (1987) A Canon for orchestra (1988) Itaipu, the symphonious portrait for chorus & orchestra inside quaternion movements (1989) Passages for chamber orchestrthe (a collaboration sustaining Ravi Shankar) (1990) Concerto Grosso for chamber orchestra (1992) Symphony There are no.I Moo for orchestra (1992) T.S.E. (T.S. Eliot) for voices and ensemble (1994, music for a theatre work by Robert Wilson) Symphony There are no.Deuce for orchestra (1994) Symphony There is no.Troika for Nineteen string players (1995) Symphony There is no.Quaternary Heroes for orchestra (1996) Songs of Milarepa for baritone and chamber orchestra (1997) Times & Nights of Rocinha, Dance for orchestra (1997) Psalm 126 for orchestra & chorus (1998) Symphony There are no.Quint (Choral) Requiem, Bardo and Nirmanakaya for soloists, chorus and orchestra (1999) Dancissimo for orchestra (2001) Symphony There is no.Sextet Plutonian Ode for soprano & orchestra (2001) Symphony There are no.Sevener Toltec for orchestra and chorus (2004) Symphony There is no.Eighter for orchestra (2005) A Passion of Ramakrishna for chorus and orchestra (2006)

Works for solo instruments and orchestra (Concertos etc.)

Concerto For Fiddle & Orchestra (1960, withdrawn) Facades for even ii sax (or flute & clarinet) & string orchestra (1981) Concerto for Fiddle & Orchestra (1987) Echorus for ii fiddle & string orchestra (1995, version of the Etude There are no.Deuce for piano) Concerto There are no.One for Piano & String Orchestra Tirol (2000) Concerto for 2 Tympani Players & Orchestra (2000) Concerto for Violoncello & Orchestra (2001) Concerto for Cembalo & Chamber Orchestra (2002) Suite from either The Hours for piano, string orchestra, harp and percussion (2002/2003) Concerto There is no.Deuce for Piano & Orchestra Fallowing Lewis and Clark(2004)

Vocal Works

Hebeve Song for soprano, clarinet & bassoon (1983) Planctus, Song for voice & piano (1997, for Natalie Merchant)

Works for chorus

An additional View Harmony, Section IV for chorus & organ (1975) Quaternary Series Section Of these for chorus & organ (1977) 3 Songs for chorus the-cappella (1984, texts by Octavio Paz and others)

Works for organ

4th Series Section 2 (Dance There is no.Two) for organ (1978) 4th Series A portion 4 (Mad Rush) for organ (1979) Voices for organ, didgeridoo & teller (2001)

Film scores
Glass has scored numerous films, including: Godfrey Reggio's documentary film trilogy Koyaanisqatsi (1983), Powaqqatsi (1988) and Naqoyqatsi (2002) Mishima: A Life in Four Chapters (1985) John Irvin's Hamburger Hill (1987) Errol Morris's The Thin Blue Line (1988) Errol Morris's biopic A Brief History of Time (based on Stephen Hawking's popular physics book) (1991) Errol Morris's documentary Fog of War (an interview of Robert McNamara, former U.S. Secretary of Defense) Anima Mundi (1992) Candyman (1992) (based on a Clive Barker work), and its sequel Candyman: Farewell to the Flesh Jenipapo (including the song written for Suzanne Vega, 1995) Martin Scorsese's Kundun (1997) Peter Weir's The Truman Show (1998) Dracula (1998) (re-release of 1931 film starring Bela Lugosi) Shorts (Michal Rovner, Shirin Neshat, Peter Greenaway and Atom Egoyan) The Hours (2002) The Fog of War (2003) Taking Lives (2004) Going Upriver: The Long War of John Kerry (2004) Partition (the third collaboration using Ravi Shankar, 2005)

For farther references in his works, complete lists & instrumentation watch Philip Glass' [http://www.philipglass.com/ Official Web site] & a Internet site of [http://www.chesternovello.com/composer/561/main.html Chester Music and Novello].

Selected Discography

Music inside Twelve Area, Area Single&2 (Virgin, 1974) North Star (1977) Music by using Changing Area (1994) Music around Similar Motion/ Music around Fifths/ 2 Places (1994) Music inside Twelve Area (1996, newly recording) Early Voice (2002) Alter Ego: Music in the shape of the Square/ Gradus/ Strung Out etc. (2002) Solo Piano (1989) The Orphée Suite for piano (2003) Etudes for Piano, Vol. We, nos. One-10 (2003) Violin Concerto (Gidon Kremer/ Vienna Philharmonic/ Christoph von Dohnanyi) (Deutsche Grammophon, 1993) Itaipu/ A Canon (Atlanta Symphony/ Robert Shaw) (Sony Authoritative, 1993) Symphony There is no.Deuce (Apotheosis, 1998) including Saxophone Quartet Concerto & Orphée Interlude Symphony There are no.Iii (Stuttgart Chamber Orchestra/ Dennis Russel Davies) (Saint, 2000) Violin Concerto / Prelude & Dance from either Akhnaten / Company (Adele Anthony/ Ulster Orchestra/ Takuo Yuasa) (Naxos, 2000) Symphony There are no.Ii & There is no.Troika (Bournemouth Symphony/ Marin Alsop) (Naxos, 2004) Passages (1990) sustaining Ravi Shankar Music from either a Screens (1993) sustaining Foday Musa Suso Kronos Quartet performs Philip Glass (string quartets There is no.Two-There are no.Cinque)(1995) Einstein on the Beach (2 Recordings, 1979 & 1993) the CIVIL warS: the tree is better measured once these are down. Work V - A Rome Subdivision (1999) Les Enfants Terribles (2005) Kundun (1997) Koyaanisqatsi (1998, freshly recording) The Hours (2002)